黄芪的化学成分及药理作用研究进展

作者: 刘美华

 

  摘要:黄芪是一种多年生豆科草本植物,也是一味较为普遍的中药药材,具有利水消肿、保肝降压、消炎抗菌、活血生肌等作用。我国从两千多年前就已经开始利用黄芪进行中医治疗,直到现在,黄芪仍然在中医临床治疗中有着广泛应用。现本文就主要从现代药理学的角度出发,研究黄芪的化学成分,并分析其药理作用的研究进展。 
  关键词:黄芪;化学成分;药理;中医临床;作用 
  由于黄芪在医学临床中表现出多种药理作用,具有非常广泛的临床使用价值,因此这种传统的中药药材受到了世界医学的广泛关注。不但我国的医药学学者对黄芪的化学成分、药理作用进行了大量的研究,国外部分医药学专家也在相关领域进行了研究。研究证明,黄芪本身含有多种糖类、黄酮类、氨基酸、皂苷类以及其他多种微量元素。正因为如此,黄芪才能在医药学临床中体现出广泛的药用价值。以下笔者就结合现有的研究文献,来对黄芪的化学成分及药理作用研究进行简单归纳和分析,以供参考。 
  1、黄芪的简单概述 
  中药学中所指的黄芪,主要是指黄芪这种植物的根经过晾晒后所得到的干燥根。一般多为蒙古黄芪的根或者是膜荚黄芪的根。野生的黄芪主要生长在我国的蒙古、华东、华北和西北等地区,但是因为黄芪的药用价值很高,目前我国全国各地都有黄芪的人工栽培种植。 
  最早提出黄芪可以入药的医学典籍是《神农本草经》,其中黄芪具有“治一切气衰血虚之症”,由此可以看出, 黄芪是一种应用非常广泛的补气类药物。从中医药理上来讲,黄芪味甘、性温、主归肺经、脾经,能够起到益气升阳、托毒生肌,益卫固表,利水消肿之效。在临床主要用于气血不足所致痈疽不溃或溃久不敛以及浮肿尿少和气虚血滞导致的肢体麻木,关节痹痛,气虚津亏的消渴等症,还能治疗久咳虚喘,肺气不足,食少纳呆,脾胃虚弱,久泻脱肛等症。 
  2、黄芪的化学成分分析 
  经过大量的研究试验证明,中药学中所使用的黄芪具有的化学成分较为复杂和多样,包含了多种糖类、黄酮类、皂苷类、氨基酸和微量元素。这些化学成分在煎煮的过程中可能会发生变化,从而改变其原有的化学性质。具体来讲,黄芪的化学成分可以具体分为以下几类: 
  2.1多糖类 
  主要有葡聚糖和杂多糖。其中葡聚糖又有水溶性葡聚糖和水不溶性葡聚糖,分别是a-1-4) (1-6)葡聚糖和a-1-4) 葡聚糖。黄芪中所含的杂多糖多为水溶性酸性杂多糖,主要由葡萄糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖和半乳糖组成,少量含有糖醛酸由半乳糖醛酸和葡萄糖醛酸组成;而有些杂多糖仅由葡萄糖和阿拉伯糖组成。 
  2.2 皂苷类 
  目前已从黄芪及其同属近缘植物中分离出40多种三萜皂苷类化合物,主要有黄芪皂苷、乙酰基黄芪皂苷、异黄芪皂苷、大豆皂苷等四大类。其中,黄芪甲苷是一种羊毛酯醇形的四环三萜皂苷,是黄芪的主要有效成分,为黄芪基药材的定性定量指标。 
黄芪总皂苷含量为7.5~ 17.2mg /g
  2.3黄酮类 
  多达40余种,其中包括黄酮5种、异黄酮12种、异黄烷12种和紫檀烷4种、二氢异黄酮、紫檀烯等六大类,主要有榭皮素、山奈黄素、异鼠李素、鼠李异柠檬素、轻基异黄酮、异黄烷、芦丁、芒柄花素、毛蕊异黄酮等。 
  2.4氨基酸 
  共25种,如Y-氨基丁酸、天冬酰胺、天门冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、脯氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、肤氨酸、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸等。 
  2.5其他微量元素 
  除了上述化学成分,黄芪中还含有多种微量元素、甾醇类物质、叶酸、亚麻酸、亚油酸、甜菜碱、胆碱、咖啡酸、香豆素、尼克酸、核黄素、维生素P,和多种无机元素。 
  3、黄芪的药理作用 
  在中医临床学中,黄芪因为具有复杂多样的化学成分和广泛的药用范围,而在多种疾病的临床治疗中有着广泛应用。目前很多医药学者和相关专家都对黄芪的药理作用进行了研究。笔者在综合了多个研究文献之后,将黄芪的药理作用研究进展综述为下述几种: 
  3.1免疫调节。临床试验发现,黄芪中的总黄酮具有增加抗体形成、提高单核巨噬细胞吞噬功能的效果,说明黄芪的总黄酮具有特异性体液免疫作用的增强作用。 
  3.2抗心肌缺血。临床试验发现,黄芪中的总黄酮可以显著减轻心肌缺血患者的血流动力学,增加心室肌细胞的幅值,增加心肌收缩力。 
  3.3影响血管内皮细胞。临床试验发现,黄芪中的总黄酮可以改善内皮细胞的通透性,抑制因为低渗所造成的液体滤过流量。 
  3.4防治肝损伤。临床试验发现,黄芪可以有效抑制因为缺血导致的ASTALT的升高,改善肝损伤,可以有效降低因为毒性代谢而造成的肝损伤。 
  3.5抗炎。黄芪可以降低滑膜细胞和血清脂质过氧化物的一氧化氮,进而发挥一定的抗炎作用。 
  3.6抗突变。黄芪可以有效抑制动物细胞的基因突变,可明显抑制环磷酰胺诱发细胞微核出现基因突变,可避免因为放化疗导致的细胞损伤,保护超氧化物歧化酶活性。 
  3.7消除自由基。黄芪具有较强的消除自由基作用,并且清除能力比较理想。 
  3.8抗骨质疏松。黄芪可以显著提高骨质疏松患者的骨密度,显著提高抗外力作用,研究认为和黄芪拟雌激素样作用有密切关系。 
  3.9抗氧化。经过临床实践发现,利用黄芪进行抗氧化、抗衰老试验能够取得很好的效果。这是因为黄芪所含有的多糖能够极大的提升血超氧化物SODCAT、谷胱甘肽以及GSH-PX等酶的活性从而使血浆、脑匀浆与肝匀浆里的LPO含量大大减少,从而达到了良好的抗氧化效果。 
  3.10抗辐射。有学者发现黄芪能够促进淋巴细胞的转化,能够清除人因为遭受辐射而产生的自由基,从而提高了人对辐射的抵抗能力,这一发现表面黄芪能够起到抗辐射的效果,这对于当前普遍受到各种辐射影响的人们来讲,无疑是一个“福音”。 
  3.11抗肿瘤。黄芪能够抑制低淋巴转移(HepA)小鼠肿瘤生长,增加免疫器官重量,促进体内IL-2的产生,提高小鼠单核吞噬细胞功能,说明黄芪作为生物诱导剂能够增强荷瘤小鼠的免疫功能,从而起到抗肿瘤作用。通过体外抑瘤实验证明:黄芪总提取物(TAE20160mgL-1对人肝癌(Be-7404)细胞和人宫颈肿瘤(HeLa)细胞有明显的抑制作用,提示TAE不仅在整体水平有抑瘤作用,而且对癌细胞有直接的抑制作用。 
  4、小结 
  总之,黄芪是一种具有非常大药用价值的中药药材,在探讨中我们发现,目前临床对于黄芪的药理活性和临床应用上研究的主要对象是黄芪的总黄酮类化学成分。尽管目前我们已经研究出黄芪的多种化学成分和药理作用,但是对于黄芪的药用价值来讲,这些研究还是处于起到阶段。相信在以后的医药学发展中,通过中药药理学研究的不断深入,各种检测手段的不断发展,黄芪的化学成分、药理活性、临床应用研究会越来越深入,会为人类的健康作出更大的贡献。 
  参考文献 
  [1]陈国辉,黄文凤.黄芪化学成分、药理活性与临床应用概述[J].海峡药学,2008203):13-16. 
  [2]陈建真,吕圭源,陈建明,等.黄芪黄酮的化学成分与药理作用研究进展[J].医药导报,20092810):1314-1316. 
  [3]丰成相.黄芪中主要化学成分的药理学研究概况[J].中国民族民间医药,20120356-58. 
  [4] 宋洁,韩彦,董凯.黄芪对辐射损伤小鼠保护作用的研究[J].牡丹江医学院学报,2004252):17-18. 
  [5]黄天风.黄芪的抗肿瘤作用及其免疫学机制的实验研究[J].中华临床医学研究杂志,2007134):
431-432.

 

来源:https://www.xzbu.com/8/view-6644288.htm

 

 


Astragalus saponins induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in human colon cancer cells and tumor xenograft


Mandy M.Y. Tin, Chi-Hin Cho, Kelvin Chan, Anthony E. James, Joshua K.S. Ko

Abstract
Astragalus memebranaceus is used as immunomodulating agent in treating immunodeficiency diseases and to alleviate the adverse effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. In recent years, it has been proposed that Astragalus may possess anti-tumorigenic potential in certain cancer cell types. In this study, the anti-carcinogenic effects of Astragalus saponin extract were investigated in HT-29 human colon cancer cells and tumor xenograft.

 

Our findings have shown that Astragalus saponins (AST) inhibit cell proliferation through accumulation in S phase and G2/M arrest, with concomitant suppression of p21 expression and inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase activity. Besides, AST promotes apoptosis in HT-29 cells through caspase 3 activation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, which is indicated by DNA fragmentation and nuclear chromatin condensation. Nevertheless, we also demonstrate the anti-tumorigenic effects of AST in vivo , of which the reduction of tumor volume as well as pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects in HT-29 nude mice xenograft are comparable with that produced by the conventional chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU).

 

In addition, the side effects (body weight drop and mortality) associated with the drug combo 5-FU and oxaliplatin are not induced by AST. These results indicate that AST could be an effective chemotherapeutic agent in colon cancer treatment, which might also be used as an adjuvant in combination with other orthodox chemotherapeutic drugs to reduce the side effects of the latter compounds. Astragalus saponins induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in human colon cancer cells and tumor xenograft

| Carcinogenesis | Oxford Academic
https://academic.oup.com/carcin/article/28/6/1347/2476243

 

 


Diagn Pathol. 2013; 8: 179.

Astragalus saponins affect proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of gastric cancer BGC-823 cells


Tao Wang,1 Xiaoyan Xuan,2 Min Li,2 Ping Gao,1 Yuling Zheng,3 Wenqiao Zang,corresponding author2 and Guoqiang Zhaocorresponding author2

1Department of Hemato-tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of TCM, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
3Henan University of TCM, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China


Abstract
Background
Astragalus memebranaceus is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used in treatment of common cold, diarrhea, fatigue, anorexia and cardiac diseases. Recently, there are growing evidences that Astragalus extract may be a potential anti-tumorigenic agent. Some research showed that the total saponins obtained from Astragalus membranaceus possess significant antitumorigenic activity. Gastric cancer is one of the most frequent cancers in the world, almost two-thirds of gastric cancer cases and deaths occur in less developed regions. But the effect of Astragalus membranaceus on proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of gastric cancer BGC-823 cells remains unclear.

Methods
Astragalus saponins were extracted. Cells proliferation was determined by CCK-8 assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by the flow cytometry. Boyden chamber was used to evaluate the invasion and metastasis capabilities of BGC-823 cells. Tumor growth was assessed by subcutaneous inoculation of cells into BALB/c nude mice.

Results
The results demonstrated that total Astragalus saponins could inhibit human gastric cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo, in additional, Astragalus saponins deceased the invasion ability and induced the apoptosis of gastric cancer BGC-823 cells.

Conclusions
Total Astragalus saponins inhibited human gastric cancer cell growth, decreased the invasion ability and induced the apoptosis. This suggested the possibility of further developing Astragalus as an alternative treatment option, or perhaps using it as adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent in gastric cancer therapy.

Keywords: Gastric cancer, Proliferation, Invasion, Apoptosis

 

Astragalus saponins affect proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of gastric cancer BGC-823 cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3818446/

 

 

 

Effect of 3:7 ratio of Astragalus total saponins and ...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319562X18302596
Astragalus total saponins has the function of tonifying middle-jiao and invigorating qi, strengthening spleen and tonifying lung. Rhizoma curcumae has the action of moving qi, dispersing wind and promoting blood circulation, passing meridian and relieving pain.

Cited by: 3
Publish Year: 2019
Author: Baosong Liu, Jinxin Miao, Mengfan Peng, Tianyuan Liu, Mingsan Miao
Saponins from Astragalus hareftae (NAB.) SIRJ. - ScienceDirect
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003194221200338X
Polysaccharides and saponins are the major classes of chemical compounds isolated from Astragalus species; however, the most investigated constituents are saponins. Cycloartane- and oleanane-type glycosides from Astragalus species show interesting biological properties, including immune-stimulating ( Bedir et al., 2000, Yesilada et al., 2005,...

Cited by: 16
Publish Year: 2012
Author: Ibrahim Horo, Erdal Bedir, Milena Masullo, Sonia

 

甘草

品种 乌拉尔甘草 胀果甘草 光果甘草

 

抗溃疡、消炎、解毒、抗病毒、抗癌 (甘草酸:抗过敏 抗炎-与磷脂酶 A2和酯氧合酶结合、抗病毒,免疫调节)

 

 

化学成分:皂甙总含量:5.16%(报道 5~11%), 甘草酸在甘草皂甙中比例最高  甘草酸单胺盐

 

甘草酸单铵具有抗肝中毒,是由中药甘草中提取的一个活性成分,降低谷丙转氨酶,恢复肝细胞功能,防止脂肪性变等作用;促进胆色素代谢和退黄及解毒作用,减少胶原纤维增生,防止肝 硬化等。主要成分为甘草酸,甜度是蔗糖的200-300倍,在食品添加剂方面具有低热能、安全无毒和较强的医疗保健功效,是高血压、肥胖症、糖尿病、心脏病患者使用的最理想甜味剂,有浓郁的甘草 特殊香味,具有保健、解毒、护肝、消炎、增香等功效,是非常理想的纯天然甜味剂原料。
 

甘草酸(甘草甜素,甘草皂苷、强力宁):glycyrrhizin Glycyrrhizic Acid) 护肝、抗病毒、抗炎、抗氧化
英文名称:Glycyrrhizic Acid Monoammonium Salt n-Hydrate
别名名称:甘草酸铵


用途
我国规定可用于饮料、调味剂、饼干、糖果、凉果和肉类罐头,按生产需要适量使用。
甘草酸单铵具有抗肝中毒,是由中药甘草中提取的一个活性成分,降低谷丙转氨酶,恢复肝细胞功能,防止脂肪性变等作用;促进胆色素代谢和退黄及解毒作用,减少胶原纤维增生,防止肝 硬化等。主要成分为甘草酸,甜度是蔗糖的200-300倍,在食品添加剂方面具有低热能、安全无毒和较强的医疗保健功效,是高血压、肥胖症、糖尿病、心脏病患者使用的最理想甜味剂,有浓郁的甘草 特殊香味,具有保健、解毒、护肝、消炎、增香等功效,是非常理想的纯天然甜味剂原料。 [3]

患者须知
主要用途: 肉类罐头、调味料、调味品、酱油、豆酱、色拉酱、腌制品、冷冻甜食、口香糖、槟榔、面包食品、糖果蜜饯、饼干、低糖类食品、无糖食品、果汁、乳制品、奶粉、功能性饮料等。
使用方法:先将本品在常温下用水溶解,再按工序需要添加于食品中即可。
使用剂量:建议使用量为3‰-5‰,可按自身产品风味的要求做适当调整。
不良反用:尚未实施调查本制剂使用中出现的副作用的确实发生频率。 假性醛固酮症(发生频率不明):可以出现低血钾症、血压上升、钠及液体贮留、浮肿、尿量减少、体重增加等假性醛固酮增加症状,因此在用药过程中,要充分注意观察(血清钾值等),发现异常情况,应停滞给药。
另外,还可出现脱力感、肌力低下、肌肉痛、四肢痉挛、麻痹等横纹肌溶解症的症状,在发现CK(CPK)升高,血、尿中肌红蛋白升高时应停药并给与适当处置。
孕妇及哺乳妇女用药:孕妇及哺乳期妇女,应在权衡治疗利大于弊后慎重使用。
老年患者使用:基于临床应用经验,高龄患者有易发低血钾副作用倾向,因此需在密切观察基础上,慎重给药

 

 

Glycyrrhizic acid in liquorice--evaluation of health hazard.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8386690


In the most sensitive individuals a regular daily intake of no more than about 100 mg glycyrrhizic acid, which corresponds to 50 g liquorice sweets (assuming a content of 0.2% glycyrrhizic acid), seems to be enough to produce adverse effects. Most individuals who consume 400 mg glycyrrhizic acid daily experience adverse effects.

Cited by: 230
Publish Year: 1993
Author: F.C. Størmer, R. Reistad, J. Alexander

 

 

等电聚焦吸附泡层析法富集甘草根中的甘草酸



摘要

本研究的主要目的是利用不同发泡剂等电聚焦吸附分离技术对甘草根主要化合物之一甘草酸铵盐进行富集。在实验中,四个泡沫分离参数用于β-lactoglobulin,白蛋白牛,淀粉(溶)的首选起泡剂,没有添加剂。不同添加剂对甘草酸铵盐在泡沫中的富集有不同的影响。结果表明,浓缩价值观从β-lactoglobulin获得最高368.3倍。在不添加添加剂的情况下,测定了最低富集值(5.9倍)。在富集后,甘草酸铵盐的各项实验都证实了这些物质可以通过等电聚焦吸附气泡分离技术定量富集到收集容器中。甘草酸铵盐从标准溶液中加入添加剂后转移到泡沫液中比从甘草水提取液中转移更有效。



1. 介绍

甘草是一种木质多年生灌木,生长在地中海地区和亚洲,广泛分布于土耳其、意大利、西班牙、俄罗斯、叙利亚、伊朗、中国和以色列。多年的甘草有蓝色和紫色的花[2]。



甘草是一种优良的中草药,在传统医药体系中已有数千年的历史。这种植物的次生代谢产物一直是评估的使用缓解呼吸道疾病(如支气管炎、过敏、感冒、肺结核、和喉咙痛),其镇痛的效果(舒缓,涂层剂),缓解胃烧症状包括回流所导致的胃灼热或任何其他原因,和治疗胃炎、炎性疾病,肝脏问题,和皮肤疾病[3]。甘草根具有抗溃疡、祛痰、利尿、通便、镇静、解热、抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化等作用,具有显著的抗肿瘤活性[7],增强记忆作用[8],抗焦虑活性[9]。



此外,皮肤美白[10],皮肤脱色[11],延缓衰老的和antierythemic[12]活动,一个柔和的[13],一个antiacne[14]活动,一个潜在的癌症chemopreventive代理[15],心血管效应[16],恢复肝功能的病人患有丙型肝炎[17],antidepression [18], hepato防护[19],和动脉粥样硬化[20]光保护作用[21]可能主要是由使用甘草提取。



甘草成分的药用和药理用途已在几项研究中进行了描述[22-24]。甘草含有多种物质,如高达18%的糖、黄酮类、皂苷类、氨基酸、甾醇、树胶和淀粉。甘草中的有效成分主要是
甘草甜素glycyrrhizin,它具有抗病毒、抗炎、抗氧化的[25]和三萜苷,三萜苷占总可溶性固形物[26]的14%,具有甘草特有的甜味。甘草酸的热量很少,可作为甘草酸铵或甘草酸单铵的营养物质使用。摘要从甘草中分离出一种新型的雌激素类黄酮类化合物-甘草查尔酮,在甘草根茎中含有多种有效成分,对多种恶性肿瘤细胞系具有显著的抗肿瘤活性。

 

Enrichment of the Glycyrrhizic Acid from Licorice Roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) by Isoelectric Focused Adsorptive Bubble Chromatography
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jamc/2016/7201740/

 

 

【药品名称】 通用名称:复方甘草酸苷片
商品名称:美能(复方甘草甜素)
英文名称:Compound Glycyrrhizin Tablets
汉语拼音:Fufang Gancaosuangan Pian
【成份】 甘草酸苷
【性状】本品为白色糖衣片。
【适应症】 治疗慢性肝病,改善肝功能异常。可用于治疗湿疹、皮肤炎、荨麻疹。
【用法用量】 成人通常1次2—3片,小儿1次1片,1日3次饭后口服。可依年龄、症状适当增减。
【不良反应】 尚未实施调查本制剂使用中出现的副作用的确实发生频率。重要副作用:假性醛固酮症(发生频率不明):可以出现低血钾症、血压上升、钠及液体贮留、浮肿、尿量减少、体重增加等假性醛固酮增多症状,因此在用药过程中,要充分注意观察(血清钾值等),发现异常情况,应停止给药。另外,还可出现脱力感、肌力低下、肌肉痛、四肢痉挛、麻痹等横纹肌溶解症的症状,在发现CK(CPK)升高,血、尿中肌红蛋白升高时应停药并给与适当处置。
【禁忌】 以下患者不宜给药:1.醛固酮症患者,肌病患者,低钾血症患者(可加重低钾血症和高血压症)。2.有血铵升高倾向的末期肝硬化患者〔该制剂中所含有的蛋氨酸的代谢物可以抑制尿素合成,而使对氨的处理能力低下〕。
【注意事项】 . 慎重给药对高龄患者应慎重给药(高龄患者低钾血症发生率高)(参照老年患者用药)。 2. 一般注意事项由于该制剂中含有甘草酸苷,所以与含其它甘草制剂并用时,可增加体内甘草酸苷含量,容易出现假性醛固酮增多症,应予注意。
【特殊人群用药】儿童注意事项:
小儿1次1粒,1日3次,饭后口服。

妊娠与哺乳期注意事项:
孕妇及哺乳期妇女,应在权衡治疗利大于弊后慎重给药。

老人注意事项:
基于临床应用经验,高龄者有易发低血钾不良反应倾向,因此需在密切观察基础上,慎重给药。
【药物相互作用】 合并用药时需注意 药物: 袢利尿剂利尿酸速尿等塞嗪类及降压药利尿剂三氯钾噻嗪氯噻酮等; 临床症状,处置方法: 可能出现低血钾症(乏力感、肌力低下)需要充分注意观察血清钾值 机理及后果: 利尿剂可增强该制剂中所含的甘草酸的排钾作用,而使血清钾进一步低下。
【药理作用】 .抗炎症作用(1)抗过敏作用甘草酸苷具有抑制兔的局部过敏坏死反应(Arthus Phenomenon)及抑制施瓦茨曼现象(Shwartzman Phenomenon)等抗过敏作用。对皮质激素,有增强激素的抑制应激反应作用,拮抗激素的抗肉芽形成和胸腺萎缩作用。对激素的渗出作用无影响。(2)对花生四烯酸代谢酶的阻碍作用甘草酸苷可以直接与花生四烯酸代谢途径的启动酶-磷脂酶A2(phospholipase A2)结合以及与作用于花生四烯酸使其产生炎性介质的脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase)结合,选择性地阻碍这些酶的磷酸化而抑制其活化。 2. 免疫调节作用甘草酸苷在体外实验(in vitro)具有以下免疫调节作用:1)对T细胞活化的调节作用;2)对γ干扰素的诱导作用;3)活化NK细胞作用;4)促进胸腺外T淋巴细胞分化作用。 3. 对实验性肝细胞损伤的抑制作用在in vitro初代培养的大白鼠肝细胞系,甘草酸苷有抑制由四氯化碳所致的肝细胞损伤作用。 4. 抑制病毒增殖和对病毒的灭活作用在小白鼠MHV(小白鼠肝炎病毒)感染实验中,投与甘草酸苷可延长其生存日数;在兔的牛痘病毒(Vaccinia virus)发痘阻止实验中,有阻止发痘作用;在体外实验系,也观察到了抑制疱疹病毒等的增殖作用,以及对病毒的灭活作用。有报导甘氨酸及蛋氨酸,可以抑制给大白鼠口服甘草酸苷所引起的尿量和钠排泄减少。
【贮藏】室温保存.
【规格】 21s
【有效期】 24月
【批准文号】 国药准字J20080080
【生产企业】 企业名称:Minophagen Pharmaceutical Company Limited

 

 

lycyrrhizin from licorice inhibits SARS-coronavirus entry ...

https://www.inflammationmastery.com/post/glycyrrhizin-licorice-sars-coronavirus-in...

 Sep 15, 2018 · Glycyrrhizin from licorice inhibits entry and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus in vitro (Lancet 2003 Jun): “We assessed the antiviral potential of ribavirin, 6-azauridine, pyrazofurin, mycophenolic acid, and glycyrrhizin against two clinical isolates of coronavirus (FFM-1 and FFM-2) from patients with SARS admitted to the clinical centre of Frankfurt University, Germany.

 

THE CURE: Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice ...

https://www.conspiracy-cafe.com/apps/blog/show/47822148-the-cure-glycyrrhizin-an...

 

 Glycyrrhizin (or glycyrrhizic acid or glycyrrhizinic acid) is the chief sweet-tasting constituent of Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice) root. Structurally, it is a saponin used as an emulsifier and gel-forming agent in foodstuffs and cosmetics.
 

 

THE CURE: Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus
Posted by George Freund on February 11, 2020 at 12:30 PM

 

Institute of Medical Virology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Paul-Ehrlich Str 40, D-60596 Frankfurt, Germany

 

 

Cells were fixed with 60 parts methanol to 40 parts acetone 72 h after infection. Virus was detected in serum from the patient with SARS by peroxidase staining. (A) mock infected cells. (B) infected cells without treatment. (C) infected cells treated with 4000 mg/L glycyrrhizin. (D) infected cells treated with 1000 mg/L glycyrrhizin.

 


Prof J Cinatl, PhD,B Morgenstern, PhD,G Bauer,Prof P Chandra, PhD,Prof H Rabenau, PhD,Prof HW Doerr, PhD


Published:June 14, 2003DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13615-X



Summary

The outbreak of SARS warrants the search for antiviral compounds to treat the disease. At present, no specific treatment has been identified for SARS-associated coronavirus infection. We assessed the antiviral potential of ribavirin, 6-azauridine, pyrazofurin, mycophenolic acid, and glycyrrhizin against two clinical isolates of coronavirus (FFM-1 and FFM-2) from patients with SARS admitted to the clinical centre of Frankfurt University, Germany. Of all the compounds, glycyrrhizin was the most active in inhibiting replication of the SARS-associated virus. Our findings suggest that glycyrrhizin should be assessed for treatment of SARS.

A new coronavirus has been identified in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).1 SARS is an infectious disease with a high potential for transmission to close contacts. The outbreak of SARS in several countries has led to the search for active antiviral compounds to treat this disease.

Here, we assessed the antiviral activities of ribavirin, 6-azauridine, pyrazofurin, mycophenolic acid, and glycyrrhizin against two clinical isolates of coronavirus (FFM-1 and FFM-2) from patients with SARS admitted to the clinical centre of Frankfurt University, Germany. All the compounds are available commercially and have been used in patients for their antiviral, antitumour, and immunosuppressive activity. We visually scored cytopathogenicity induced by the virus 72–96 h after infection in 96-well microplates on confluent layers of Vero cells. The selectivity index was determined as the ratio of the concentration of the compound that reduced cell viability to 50% (CC50) to the concentration of the compound needed to inhibit the cytopathic effect to 50% of the control value (EC50). We determined the cytotoxicity of the drugs with an MMT cell-proliferative Kit I (Roche, Mannheim, Germany).

Ribavirin and mycophenolic acid, inhibitors of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, did not affect replication of the SARS-associated coronaviruses (SARS-CV) (table). The inhibitors of orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase, 6-azauridine and pyrazofurin, inhibited replication of SARS-CV at non-toxic doses with selectivity indices of 5 and 12, respectively. The most potent inhibitor of SARS-CV replication in Vero cells was glycyrrhizin, which had a selectivity index of 67.

 

感染后72 h用60份甲醇与40份丙酮固定细胞。用过氧化物酶染色法在SARS患者血清中检测病毒。(A)模拟受感染细胞。(B)未经治疗的感染细胞。(C)用4000 mg/L甘草酸处理感染细胞。(D)感染细胞经1000mg /L甘草酸处理。

J . Cinatl教授,博士,B . Morgenstern博士,G . Bauer教授,P . Chandra教授,H . Rabenau教授,H . Doerr教授,博士

发表:6736年6月14日,2003 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140 (03) 13615 - x

总结
非典的爆发促使人们寻找抗病毒化合物来治疗这种疾病。目前,还没有发现与SARS相关的冠状病毒感染的具体治疗方法。我们评估了利巴韦林、6-偶氮定、吡唑夫林、霉酚酸和甘草酸对两种来自德国法兰克福大学临床中心的SARS患者冠状病毒(FFM-1和FFM-2)的临床分离株的抗病毒潜力。在所有化合物中,甘草酸是抑制SARS相关病毒复制最活跃的。我们的研究结果表明,甘草酸应该被评估用于SARS的治疗。

一种新的冠状病毒已在严重急性呼吸系统综合症(SARS)患者中被确认。非典型肺炎是一种传染性疾病,极有可能向密切接触者传播。SARS在几个国家的爆发促使人们寻找有效的抗病毒化合物来治疗这种疾病。

在此,我们评估了利巴韦林、6-偶氮定、吡唑夫林、霉酚酸和甘草酸对两种来自德国法兰克福大学临床中心的SARS患者的冠状病毒临床分离株(FFM-1和FFM-2)的抗病毒活性。所有的化合物都可以在市场上买到,并已被用于患者的抗病毒、抗肿瘤和免疫抑制活性。我们在感染后72-96小时,在Vero细胞融合层上的96孔微孔板上对病毒诱导的细胞致病力进行了可视化评分。选择性指数是指将细胞存活率降低到50% (CC50)的化合物浓度与抑制细胞病变作用所需的化合物浓度之比为50% (EC50)。我们使用MMT细胞增殖试剂盒(罗氏,曼海姆,德国)测定了药物的细胞毒性。

Ribavirin和mycophenolic acid是肌苷单磷酸脱氢酶的抑制剂,它们不影响SARS相关冠状病毒(SARS-CV)的复制(表)。单磷酸奥罗替丁脱羧酶抑制剂、6-偶氮嗪和吡唑夫林在无毒剂量下分别抑制SARS-CV的复制,选择性指数分别为5和12。在Vero细胞中对SARS-CV复制最有效的抑制剂是甘草酸,其选择性指数为67。

CONTINUED AT LINK:

Glycyrrhizin (or glycyrrhizic acid or glycyrrhizinic acid) is the chief sweet-tasting constituent of Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice) root. Structurally, it is a saponin used as an emulsifier and gel-forming agent in foodstuffs and cosmetics. Its aglycone is enoxolone assessed as a prodrug used in Japan to reduce the risk of liver cancer in people with chronic hepatitis C.

甘草甜素(或甘草酸或甘草酸)是甘草根中主要的甜味成分。从结构上看,它是一种皂素,在食品和化妆品中用作乳化剂和成胶剂。它的苷元被认为是一种前药,在日本用于降低慢性丙型肝炎患者患肝癌的风险。

The most widely reported side effect of glycyrrhizin use via consumption of black licorice is reduction of blood potassium levels, which can affect body fluid balance and function of nerves.[5][6] Chronic consumption of black licorice, even in moderate amounts, is associated with an increase in blood pressure,[6] may cause irregular heart rhythm, and adverse interactions with prescription medicines.[5]

The effects on body fluids are related to the inhibition of cortisol metabolism within the kidney, subsequent stimulation of the mineralocorticoid receptors,[7] and decrease in blood levels of renin, potassium, and aldosterone, which collectively lead to increases in blood pressure.[6]

Depending on amount and frequency of ingesting black licorice, other side effects may include:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycyrrhizin

So use wisely.

Categories: New World Order, Health Care

 

THE CURE: Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus
https://www.conspiracy-cafe.com/apps/blog/show/47822148-the-cure-glycyrrhizin-an-active-component-of-liquorice-roots-and-replication-of-sars-associated-coronavirus

 

 

Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus - ScienceDirect
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067360313615X

 

 

茶皂素
茶皂素,存在于山茶科植物的种子、根、茎、叶和花中,是造成茶叶粗青味和苦味的主要物质阿,为茶籽中含量最高的成分,约为12%-18%。 茶皂素是皂素中的一类 ,是一种糖甙化合物,由皂苷元、糖体、糖醛酸和有机酸四部分组成嘲,属结构复杂的五环三萜化合物。

 

茶籽功能成分
茶籽油
茶籽油取自茶树的种子。茶籽油色泽橙黄透亮,口感香纯,气味芬芳,不饱和脂肪酸高达90%以上,油酸 80%-83% ,亚油酸7% -13% ,棕榈酸 8%-10% , 其中亚麻酸是人体必需而又不能合成的;茶 籽油富含蛋白质、氨基酸和维生素A、B、D、E和多种微量元素,茶籽油的油酸及亚油酸含量均高于橄 榄油 ,物理化学特性也与橄榄油非常相似,有“东方橄榄油”之称,茶籽油还含有橄榄油中所没有的 特定的生理活性物质山茶甙、山茶皂甙、茶多酚等。 [2]
茶皂素
茶皂素,存在于山茶科植物的种子、根、茎、叶和花中,是造成茶叶粗青味和苦味的主要物质阿,为茶籽中含量最高的成分,约为12%-18%。 茶皂素是皂素中的一类 ,是一种糖甙化合物,由皂苷元、糖体、糖醛酸和有机酸四部分组成嘲,属结构复杂的五环三萜化合物。
茶籽多糖
茶籽壳中含有 2%~3% 碱溶性糖,这些糖的结构 和功能与茶叶多糖。类似,是一种类似灵芝多糖和人参多糖的高分子化合物。 [2]
糠醛
糠醛,又名呋喃甲醛,有特殊气味的无色透明液体,是一种重要的农林化工产品。茶籽壳中糠醛含量19%,是已知含糠醛最高的植物,是其它原料的2-4 倍。用茶籽壳来提取糠醛,理论产量为47%。
多缩戊糖


多缩戊糖,又称为戊聚糖。 在茶壳中含有大约 28% ,是若干戊糖( 五碳糖)的缩 合物,其水解的最终产物为戊糖。

 


Perspective from DrV: Licorice has been used medicially for thousands of years, often at doses that are considered therapeutic by modern standards; licorice directly inhibits many different DNA and RNA viruses while also stimulating nonspecific immune defenses. In addition to its broad antiviral activity and immune stimulating benefits, glycyrrhizic acid appears to directly bind herpes virus particles resulting in their irreversible inactivation; as originally stated in a classic 1979 paper, "glycyrrhizic acid inactivates herpes simplex virus particles irreversibly."[5]

Glycyrrhizin from licorice inhibits SARS-coronavirus entry and replication (in vitro)
https://www.inflammationmastery.com/post/glycyrrhizin-licorice-sars-coronavirus-invitro2003