研究发现:姜选择性杀死乳腺癌细胞-沙特皇家阿卜杜拉大学的研究发现
Research: Ginger Selectively Kills Breast Cancer Cells
翻译:蓝山
发表在《生物医学与生物技术杂志》上的一项新研究发现，“生姜可能是治疗乳腺癌的理想药物。”
这项新的研究是由生物科学研究部门,科学教师,阿卜杜拉国王大学,沙特阿拉伯,他发现从药用植物中提取出生姜粗提取物(生姜)抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖，没有明显影响正常，非肿瘤乳房细胞的生存能力——一个非常有前途的，传统的治疗方法不具备的特性，被称为选择性细胞毒性。
研究人员概述了目前乳腺癌治疗的严重问题:
“尽管在靶向治疗和筛查技术方面取得了重大进展，但乳腺癌仍然是世界范围内的慢性疾病，是女性最常见的癌症类型，也是导致死亡的主要原因[1]。通常，乳腺癌的治疗包括使用它莫西芬(Tamoxifen)或其他选择性雌激素受体(ER)调制器进行激素治疗[2-4]。然而，几乎所有的转移性疾病的患者和大约40%的接受它莫西芬的患者的复发都以死亡告终[5]。此外，ER拮抗剂的临床应用常常受到副作用的限制[2,3,6]，对ER-阴性的乳腺癌基本无效 [2,3]。此外，尽管许多肿瘤最初对化疗有反应，但乳腺癌细胞随后能够存活并获得对治疗的耐药性[7]。因此，识别相对安全但能抑制ER -阳性和阴性的人乳腺癌生长的新型药物是非常理想的。”
他们描述了他们对以下列方式调查生姜粗提物的兴趣:
尽管有关生姜的抗癌作用的知识非常丰富，但这种活性的分子机制目前在乳腺癌中并不为人所知。基于先前提到的科学数据，并考虑到在某些情况下，草药提取物比纯化的成分显示出更多的效力[21,22]，本研究是为了研究生姜的粗提物对乳腺癌细胞系生长的影响。
他们发现，生姜能够同时调节一系列惊人的分子机制，例如:
诱导凋亡(程序性细胞死亡)
Bax的上调(pro-apoptosis基因)
Bcl-2蛋白的下调(癌相关)
下调 prosurvival基因NF-κB Bcl-X,mcl1和存活素
细胞周期调控蛋白的下调，包括细胞周期蛋白D1和细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4 (CDK-4)。(癌相关)
增加CDK抑制剂p21(抗癌相关)的表达
抑制c-Myc、hTERT(癌相关)
这并不是第一个证实生姜的抗乳腺癌特性的研究。[ii]事实上，一种被称为[6]-姜酚的生姜化合物最近被证明在乳腺癌中具有抗转移性。[iii]生姜的抗癌活性也不仅限于乳腺癌。生姜及其成分已被研究可以抑制以下的癌症:
结肠癌和直肠癌[iv]
肝癌[v] [vi] [vii]
肺癌(八)(九)
黑色素瘤[x]
胰腺癌(xi)(十二)
前列腺癌[xiii] [xiv] [xv]
皮肤癌(十六)
Research: Ginger Selectively Kills Breast Cancer Cells
Written By: Sayer Ji, Founder
This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2014
http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/research-ginger-selectively-kills-breast-cancer-cells
New research published in the Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology found that "ginger may be a promising candidate for the treatment of breast carcinomas."[i] This is a timely finding, insofar as breast cancer awareness month is only days away, and one of the primary fund-raising justifications is the false concept that a low-cost, safe and effective breast cancer treatment is not yet available. Could ginger provide the type of cure that conventional, FDA-approved treatments have yet to accomplish?
The new study was performed by researchers at the Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia, who discovered that a crude extract derived from the medicinal plant ginger (Zingiber officinale) inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cells, without significantly affecting the viability of non-tumor breast cells -- a highly promising property known as selective cytotoxicity, not found in conventional treatments.
The researchers outline the serious problems with present breast cancer therapies thusly:
Despite significant advances toward targeted therapy and screening techniques, breast cancer continues to be a chronic medical problem worldwide, being the most common type of cancer in women and the leading cause of death [1]. Typically, the treatment of breast cancer involves hormonal therapy with tamoxifen or other selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulators [2–4]. However, almost all patients with metastatic disease and approximately 40% of patients that receive tamoxifen experience relapse that ends by death [5]. In addition, the clinical utility of ER antagonists is often limited by side effects [2, 3, 6] and is largely ineffective against ER-negative breast cancer [2, 3]. Furthermore, despite the fact that many tumors initially respond to chemotherapy, breast cancer cells can subsequently survive and gain resistance to the treatment [7]. Thus, identification of novel agents that are relatively safe but can suppress growth of both ER-positive and ER-negative human breast cancers is highly desirable.
They described their interest in investigating crude extracts of ginger in the following manner:
Despite knowledge about the potent anticancer activity of the ginger, the molecular mechanisms underlying this activity are not currently well known in breast cancer. Based on the previously mentioned reported scientific data and considering the fact that in some cases herbal extracts are showing more potency than the purified components [21, 22], the present study was undertaken to investigate the impacts of crude extracts of ginger on growth of breast cancer cell lines.
They discovered that ginger was capable of positively modulating a surprisingly wide range of molecular mechanisms simultaneously, such as:
Induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death)
Upregulation of Bax (a pro-apoptosis gene)
Downregulation of Bcl-2 proteins (cancer-associated)
Downregulation of prosurvival genes NF-κB, Bcl-X, Mcl-1, and Survivin
Downregulation of cell cycle-regulating proteins, including cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase-4 (CDK-4). (cancer-associated)
Increased expression of CDK inhibitor, p21 (anti-cancer associated)
Inhibition of c-Myc, hTERT (cancer-associated)
This is not the first study to confirm ginger's anti-breast cancer properties.[ii] In fact, a ginger compound known as [6]-Gingerol has recently been shown to have anti-metastatic properties in breast cancer. [iii] Nor is ginger's anti-cancer activity limited to breast cancer. Ginger and its constituents have been studied to inhibit the following cancers:
Colon and Rectal Cancer[iv]
Liver Cancer [v] [vi] [vii]
Lung Cancer [viii] [ix]
Melanoma [x]
Pancreatic Cancer [xi] [xii]
Prostate Cancer [xiii] [xiv] [xv]
Skin Cancer [xvi]
Ginger is an archetypal example of a food-medicine – that is, something we ingest that both nourishes us, and helps alleviate pain and suffering. Today, it is consumed as a delicacy, spice and medicine by hundreds of cultures throughout the world. Modern science now confirms that ginger has over 100 distinct health benefits.[xvii] It's use stretches back thousands of years – something no existing FDA-approved drug can lay claim to – and is believed to have originated in southern China, spreading to the Spice Islands and other regions of Asia, and eventually to West Africa, the Caribbean, finally to India, its largest producer.[xviii] There is also recent evidence that ginger was traded in Greece, as far back as 3rd century BC.[xix]
REFERENCES
[i] Ayman I Elkady, Osama A Abuzinadah, Nabih A Baeshen, Tarek R Rahmy. Differential Control of Growth, Apoptotic Activity, and Gene Expression in Human Breast Cancer Cells by Extracts Derived from Medicinal Herbs Zingiber officinale. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012 ;2012:614356. Epub 2012 Aug 26. PMID: 22969274
[ii] Ya-Ling Hsu, Chung-Yi Chen, Ming-Feng Hou, Eing-Mei Tsai, Yuh-Jyh Jong, Chih-Hsing Hung, Po-Lin Kuo. 6-Dehydrogingerdione, an active constituent of dietary ginger, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through reactive oxygen species/c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways in human breast cancer cells. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 Feb 19. Epub 2010 Feb 19. PMID: 20175081
[iii] Hyun Sook Lee, Eun Young Seo, Nam E Kang, Woo Kyung Kim. [6]-Gingerol inhibits metastasis of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2008 May;19(5):313-9. Epub 2007 Aug 1. PMID: 17683926
[iv] hexahydrocurcumin on SW 480 human colorectal cancer cells. Nat Prod Commun. 2011 Nov ;6(11):1671-2. PMID: 22224285
[v] Shafina Hanim Mohd Habib, Suzana Makpol, Noor Aini Abdul Hamid, Srijit Das, Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah, Yasmin Anum Mohd Yusof. Ginger extract (Zingiber officinale) has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects on ethionine-induced hepatoma rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2008 Dec ;63(6):807-13. PMID: 19061005
[vi] Mahmoud A Mansour, Saleh A Bekheet, Salim S Al-Rejaie, Othman A Al-Shabanah, Tawfeq A Al-Howiriny, Ammar C Al-Rikabi, Ayman A Abdo. Ginger ingredients inhibit the development of diethylnitrosoamine induced premalignant phenotype in rat chemical hepatocarcinogenesis model. Biofactors. 2010 Nov-Dec;36(6):483-90. Epub 2010 Sep 24. PMID: 20872761
[vii] Yasmin Anum Mohd Yusof, Norliza Ahmad, Srijit Das, Suhaniza Sulaiman, Nor Azian Murad. Chemopreventive efficacy of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in ethionine induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2008 ;6(1):87-93. Epub 2008 Oct 25. PMID: 20162046
[viii] Wirote Tuntiwechapikul, Thanachai Taka, Chonnipa Songsomboon, Navakoon Kaewtunjai, Arisa Imsumran, Luksana Makonkawkeyoon, Wilart Pompimon, T Randall Lee. Ginger extract inhibits human telomerase reverse transcriptase and c-Myc expression in A549 lung cancer cells. J Med Food. 2010 Dec;13(6):1347-54. PMID: 21091248
[ix] Mihye Kim, Shingo Miyamoto, Yumiko Yasui, Takeru Oyama, Akira Murakami, Takuji Tanaka. Zerumbone, a tropical ginger sesquiterpene, inhibits colon and lung carcinogenesis in mice. Int J Cancer. 2009 Jan 15;124(2):264-71. PMID: 19003968
[x] Huey-Chun Huang, Shao-Hua Chiu, Tsong-Min Chang. Inhibitory effect of [6]-gingerol on melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells and a possible mechanism of action. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2011 ;75(6):1067-72. Epub 2011 Jun 13. PMID: 21670536
[xi] Yon Jung Park, Jing Wen, Seungmin Bang, Seung Woo Park, Si Young Song. [6]-Gingerol induces cell cycle arrest and cell death of mutant p53-expressing pancreatic cancer cells. Yonsei Med J. 2006 Oct 31;47(5):688-97. PMID: 17066513
[xii] Songyan Zhang, Qiaojing Liu, Yanju Liu, Hong Qiao, Yu Liu . Zerumbone, a Southeast Asian Ginger Sesquiterpene, Induced Apoptosis of Pancreatic Carcinoma Cells through p53 Signaling Pathway. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012 ;2012:936030. Epub 2012 Jan 29. PMID: 22454691
[xiii] Larisa Nonn, David Duong, Donna M Peehl . Chemopreventive anti-inflammatory activities of curcumin and other phytochemicals mediated by MAP kinase phosphatase-5 in prostate cells. Carcinogenesis. 2007 Jun;28(6):1188-96. Epub 2006 Dec 6. PMID: 17151092
[xiv] Yogeshwer Shukla, Sahdeo Prasad, Chitra Tripathi, Madhulika Singh, Jasmine George, Neetu Kalra. In vitro and in vivo modulation of testosterone mediated alterations in apoptosis related proteins by [6]-gingerol. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007 Dec;51(12):1492-502. PMID: 18030663
[xv] Sharma, Meenakshi V Gupta, Ritu Aneja. Benefits of whole ginger extract in prostate cancer. Br J Nutr. 2011 Aug 18:1-12. Epub 2011 Aug 18. PMID: 21849094
[xvi] Nidhi Nigam, Kulpreet Bhui, Sahdeo Prasad, Jasmine George, Yogeshwer Shukla. [6]-Gingerol induces reactive oxygen species regulated mitochondrial cell death pathway in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. Chem Biol Interact. 2009 Sep 14;181(1):77-84. Epub 2009 May 27. PMID: 19481070
[xvii] GreenMedInfo.com, Substance, Health Benefits of Ginger
[xviii] UCLA, History & Special Collections, Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library, Ginger
https://dailyhealthpost.com/ginger-kills-two-common-types-of-cancer-study-finds/